It introduces the power plants driven by modular high temperature gascooled. Chaplin department of chemical engineering, university of new brunswick, canada keywords. To assess the capability of the scale code system to accurately model high temperature gas cooled reactors htgrs, verification and validation studies were performed using validation data from the international handbook of evaluated reactor physics benchmark experiments irphe handbook. High temperature nuclear reactors for hydrogen production.
It introduces the power plants driven by modular high temperature gascooled reactors htr, which are characterized by their inherent safety features and high output temperatures. The gascooled fast reactor gfr system is a nuclear reactor design which is currently in development. Heat transfer from the surface of the reactor pressure vessel by free. Gas cooled nuclear reactors were first proposed in 1942 by farrington daniels, a professor of chemistry at the university of wisconsin. National technical director doe advanced reactor technologies gas cooled reactor campaign. Gascooled nuclear 7 reactors introduction in order to achieve such progress, it is necessary to recycle. Hightemperature reactor article about hightemperature. The report serves as a summary of the training seminar on nuclear graphite conducted during the asme boiler and pressure vessel code week, october 30november 3, 2006, in louisville, ky. Modular hightemperature gascooled reactor power plant. The high temperature reactor pebblebed module htrpm is a pebblebedtype high temperature, helium cooled reactor. Draft preapplication safety evaluation report for the modular hightemperature gascooled reactor nureg38 was written in early 1989. Sustainability and efficiency improvements of gascooled high. History and promise of high temperature gas cooled reactors.
Jan 29, 2018 guo wentao, with the paul scherrer institut, delivers a presentation to panel iv of the schiller institutes international conference, fulfilling the dream o. Significant efforts are underway in several member states to develop high temperature gas cooled reactors htgr based on either pebble bed or prismatic designs. Demonstrate high temperature gas cooled reactor htgr technology to produce electricity and high temperature process heat program objectives partner with industry to commercialize htgr technology collaborate with the nuclear regulatory commission nrc to establish a licensing framework for htgrs. Temperature test reactor japan, high temperature reactor10 htr 10. The status of high temperature gas cooled reactor development and design in the united states and other countries important benefits are foreseen from smaller, modular systems by l. No reprocessing high burnup 90,000 mwdmt direct disposal of hlw. There are two competitive designs of this reactor type. Gas cooled reactors have had a long and varied history dating back to the very early days of nuclear energy development. Safety features of high temperature gas cooled reactor. To assess the capability of the scale code system to accurately model high temperature gascooled reactors htgrs, verification and validation studies were performed using validation data from the international handbook of evaluated reactor physics benchmark experiments irphe handbook. The gfr base design is a fast reactor, but in other ways similar to a high temperature gas cooled reactor. Htrpm hightemperature gascooled reactor pebble bed module.
High temperature gascooled reactors lessons learned applicable to the next generation nuclear plant j. In this high temperature gas reactor, the core structure containing fuel is composed of graphite with a large heat capacity and maintaining soundness at high temperatures, and helium gas that does not cause chemical reaction even at high temperatures is used as a cooling gas to cool the core. The high temperature gas cooled reactor htgr concept is a potential supplement to the light water reactor lwr, and thus it is useful to examine its potential inherent safety and to assess the implications of the accident at the three mile island nuclear generating station a light water reactor on htgr design. In particular this report addresses the comments provided by inl and documented intev1463 rev. The veryhightemperature reactor vhtr, or hightemperature gascooled reactor htgr, is a generation iv reactor concept that uses a graphitemoderated nuclear reactor with a oncethrough uranium fuel cycle. All these reactors are primarily fuelled by triso tri isostructural coated particles. Gascooled reactors have had a long and varied history dating back to the very early days of nuclear energy development. Core design advanced reactor technologies idaho national laboratory.
International interest in developing high temperature gas cooled reactors is increasing because they can provide efficient and cost effective electricity and produce high temperature process heat usable for various industrial applications. Advanced uranium bicarbide, uranium tricarbide and uranium carbonitride nuclear fuels can be used. Apr 09, 2016 development of the a high temperature gas cooled reactor htgr, a concept with more than three decades of history behind it, in 2016 has had several new breakout milestones in china and the u. It is a graphitemoderated, heliumcooled reactor with thermal neutron spectrum. High temperature gascooled reactor inl advanced reactor. The high temperature gascooled reactors htgrs, with its inherent safety and high temperature heat supply of about oc atthe 3 exterior of the reactor, can achieve effective utilization of nuclear energy in various fields by stages.
Current situation of hightemperature gascooled reactors in. Reports produced after january 1, 1996, are generally available free via the u. Pdf high temperature gas cooled reactor regulation. Part 6 high temperature gas cooled reactors daryanenergyblog. The vhtr is a type of hightemperature reactor htr that can conceptually have an outlet temperature of c. The us department of energys high temperature reactor. It can supply nuclear heat and electricity over a range of core outlet temperatures between 700 and 950c, or more than 1 000c in future. Cost safety due to small core size, all htgrs have limited power levels and utilize passive features to achieve complete shutdown. In march 2016 china installed the first of two reactor pressure vessels for a demonstration high temperature, gas cooled htgr pebble. Hightemperature gascooled reactor physics britannica. Arevas steam cycle high temperature gascooled reactor schtgr is one of. The high temperature gas cooled reactor next generation nuclear energy. In march 1992, the state government approved the project of constructing the 10mw pebble bed high temperature gascooled test reactor referred to as htr10. His first report on the topic was published in 1944 daniels 1944.
After emergency shutdown of hightemperaturegascooled reactor, the residual heat of the reactor core should be removed. For example, htgrs make it possible to produce hydrogen with its high temperature heat supply. The high temperature gascooled reactor the energy of industry. The us department of energy supports the development of high temperature reactors through qualification of fuels, materials, and analysis methods that exploit the capabilities of the national laboratories mainly idaho, oak ridge, and argonne to generate the fundamental fuel. In addition, this report includes updated information on high temperature gas cooled reactors htgrs at the time of writing, as well as additional. The high temperature gas cooled reactors htgrs, with its inherent safety and high temperature heat supply of about oc atthe 3 exterior of the reactor, can achieve effective utilization of nuclear energy in various fields by stages. In 2014, the generation iv international forum confirmed the very high temperature reactor vhtr as one of 6 promising reactor technologies that should be pursued in order to develop advanced reactors suitable for deployment in the 2030s.
Assessment of high temperature gascooled reactor htgr. In march 1992, the state government approved the project of constructing the 10mw pebble bed high temperature gas cooled test reactor referred to as htr10. Htgr uses triso coated particle fuel, full ceramic core structure, and helium as coolant. Witco the are was a high temperature reactor with a peak temperature of 860 degreesc employing a nafzrf. The high outlet temperatures and high thermalenergy conversion efficiency of modular hightemperature gascooled reactors htgrs enable an efficient and costeffective integration of the reactor.
Temperature test reactor japan, high temperature reactor10 htr10. Gas cooled reactors an overview sciencedirect topics. Mar 31, 2018 in the uk, the magnox was replaced by the advanced gas cooled reactor agr, an improved generation 2 gas cooled reactor. A gascooled reactor gcr is a nuclear reactor that uses graphite as a neutron moderator and carbon dioxide as coolant. In france, the ungg was replaced by the pressurized water reactor pwr. Graphite for high temperature gascooled nuclear reactors. Gas outlet high temperature reactor fluidized bed product discharge proprietary distributor plate heating room fluidizing gas. Over the past five decades, high temperature gascooled reactors htgrs have been. The modular high temperature reactor is a leading candidate for nearterm deployment of an advanced reactor concept. As the natural circulation process spends too long period of time to be utilized, an active residual heat removal procedure is needed, which makes use of steam generator and startup loop.
Current situation of hightemperature gascooled reactors. Table 1 high temperature gas cooled reactors reactor type mwt mwe helium inlet outlet criticality shutdown pressure bar temperature temperature dragon prism 20 20 350 750 1966 1976 peach bottom prism 115 40 24 340 715 1967 1974 fort st, vrain prism 842 330 48 405 780 1974 httr prism 30 40 395 950 1999. Nuregcr7107 validation of scale for high temperature gas. Very high temperature gas cooled reactors vhtgrs are an innovative design that promises inherent advantages over light water reactors. Consider conditions for which the helium temperature is te 600 k and the convection coefficient at the outer surface of the graphite is h 2000 wim.
A very high temperature gas cooled reactor vhtr is an inherently safe reactor that can produce heat of 750c950c. Porous nuclear fuel elements for use in advanced high temperature gascooled nuclear reactors htgrs, and to processes for fabricating them. The high temperature gas cooled reactor pebblebed module htrpm is selected for the study on the precooling transient of sg. High temperature gascooled reactor march 2014 3 abstract in the u. Reactor phase ngnp noak reactor size 600 mwt 350 mwt 600 mwt 350 mwt. Assessment of high temperature gascooled reactor htgr capital and operating costs identifier. The first experimental nuclear reactors, which operated in the us in the 1940s, were. Modular hightemperature gascooled reactor power plant kurt. Investigating high temperature gascooled reactors for. An overview of graphite moderated gascooled reactor designs is also presented. High temperature gas reactors idaho national laboratory. Manual or computer automated image analysis is performed to measure the minimum.
Part 6 high temperature gas cooled reactors there are various iterations on this concept, most notably the vhtr very high temperature reactor, an iaea proposed generation iv design, the pebble bed reactor or the httr in all cases they share a number of common characteristics, so i shall group them under the umbrella of high temperature. Functional containment in modular hightemperature gascooled reactors. By virtue of its high temperature heat, a vhtr can be used in high temperature process heat applications, including hydrogen production and high efficiency electricity generation. High temperature gascooled reactor htgr, which is a graphite moderated, helium cooled reactor, is particularly attractive due to capability of producing high temperature helium gas and its inherent safety characteristics, as well as an option to efficiently burn weaponsgrade plutonium for energy production. Although there are many other types of reactor cooled by gas, the terms gcr and to a lesser extent gas cooled reactor are particularly used to refer to this type of reactor the gcr was able to use natural uranium as fuel, enabling the countries that developed them to. Jp2006145509a method of marking molded fuel for high. Safety features of high temperature gas cooled reactor article pdf available in science and technology of nuclear installations 2017. The purpose of the erection of the test reactor is to acquire the knowhow in designing, constructing and operating modular helium cooled reactors. High temperature gas cooled reactors, pebble bed reactors, reactor core, fuel elements, control rods contents 1. The new unit utilizes proprietary high temperature reactor technology that provides both high efficiency and productivity for manufacture of treadgrade carbon blacks used by the tire industry. During the late 1980s, the modular htgr was considered by doe as one of two possible reactor technologies for materials production goodjohn 1991. The hightemperature gascooled reactor htgr, as mentioned above in fuel types, is fueled by a mixture of graphite and fuelbearing microspheres.
Gas cooled reactor article about gas cooled reactor by. Pdf nuclear graphite for high temperature gas cooled reactors. Other articles where hightemperature gascooled reactor is discussed. Draft preapplication safety evaluation report for the modular high temperature gas cooled reactor nureg38 was written in early 1989. A precooling injection is needed to cool down the steam generator, which remains with high pressure and high temperature level after emergency shutdown of high temperature gas cooled reactor. High temperature gas cooled reactor htgr provides another solution.
It differs from the htgr design in that the core has a higher fissile fuel content as well as a nonfissile, fertile, breeding component. Slightly harder spectrum than lwrs more negative temperature. Slightly harder spectrum than lwrs more negative temperature feedback. The status of hightemperature gascooled reactor development. Veryhightemperature reactor from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the veryhightemperature reactor vhtr, or hightemperature gascooled reactor htgr, is a generation iv reactor concept that uses a graphite. They are believed to be intrinsically safe in case of an accident and also secure from the nuclear proliferation point of view due to its proliferationresistant fuel cycle. The high temperature gascooled reactor jrc publications. Pdf since its first successful use in the cp1 nuclear reactor in 1942, nuclear graphite. The high temperature gas cooled reactor htgr concept is a potential supplement to the light water reactor lwr, and thus it is useful to examine its potential inherent safety and to assess the implications of the accident at the three mile island. The book is intended for researchers and engineers involved with nuclear engineering and energy technology. High temperature gas cooled reactor fuels and materials.
Porous nuclear fuel elements for use in advanced high temperature gas cooled nuclear reactors htgrs, and to processes for fabricating them. It introduces the power plants driven by modular high temperature gas cooled reactors htr, which are characterized by their inherent safety features and high output temperatures. Nuregcr7107 validation of scale for high temperature. The fuel, core structure, and coolant in htgr can all withstand high temperature. The term typically refers to the next step in the evolutionary development of hightemperature gascooled reactors htgrs. The term typically refers to the next step in the evolutionary development of high temperature gas cooled reactors htgrs. Veryhightemperature reactor from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the veryhightemperature reactor vhtr, or hightemperature gascooled reactor htgr, is. A small modular nuclear reactor to replace coal plants could be on the market within 5 years. After emergency shutdown of high temperature gas cooled reactor, the residual heat of the reactor core should be removed. The chinese reactor htrpm high temperature gas cooled reactor. Department of energy office of nuclear energy under doe idaho operations office.
From these models, a htgr design with a pebble bed core was chosen based on the following qualities. The status of high temperature gascooled reactor development and design in the united states and other countries important benefits are foreseen from smaller, modular systems by l. Veryhightemperature reactor wikipedia republished wiki 2. High temperature gas cooled reactor htgr, which is a graphite moderated, helium cooled reactor, is particularly attractive due to capability of producing high temperature helium gas and its inherent safety characteristics, as well as an option to efficiently burn weaponsgrade plutonium for energy production. Procedure of active residual heat removal after emergency. Pdf safety features of high temperature gas cooled reactor. High temperature gascooled reactors lessons learned. The vhtr is a next step in the evolutionary development of hightemperature gascooled reactors. The reactor core can be either a prismatic block reminiscent of a. These fuels have high melting temperatures, high thermal conductivity, and high resistance to erosion by hot hydrogen gas. The status of hightemperature gascooled reactor development and design in the united states and other countries important benefits are foreseen from smaller, modular systems by l. Pincock april 2011 idaho national laboratory next generation nuclear plant project idaho falls, idaho 83415 prepared for the u. Commercial gas cooled reactors are currently in use only in the united kingdom.
Sustainability and efficiency improvements of gascooled. Modular high temperature pebble bed reactor 1 10 mwe helium cooled indirect cycle 8 % enriched fuel built in 2 years factory built site assembled online refueling modules added to meet demand. The high outlet temperatures and high thermalenergy conversion efficiency of modular high temperature gas cooled reactors htgrs enable an efficient and costeffective integration of the reactor. Demonstrate hightemperature gascooled reactor htgr technology to produce electricity and high temperature process heat program objectives partner with industry to commercialize htgr technology collaborate with the nuclear regulatory commission nrc to establish a licensing framework for htgrs.
Gascooled reactors, high temperature gascooled reactors. Pdf demands for better safety, security, safeguard and economic aspects have led to the emergence of innovative nuclear reactor. The high temperature gas cooled reactor htgr concept is a potential supplement to the light water reactor lwr, and thus it is useful to examine its potential inherent safety and to assess the implications of the accident at the three mile island nuclear generating station a. Classed as a generation iv reactor, it features a fastneutron spectrum and closed fuel cycle for efficient conversion of fertile uranium and management of actinides.
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